Intentional |
Unintentional or Intentional Non-Attribution |
||
Fraud |
Patchwriting |
Failure to Cite |
Failure to Quote |
Intentional "borrowing, purchasing, or otherwise obtaining work composed by someone else and submitted”2 under another's name. |
Not always thought of as academic dishonesty, patchwriting is "half-copy[ing] the author's sentences ... by plugging your synonyms into the author's sentence structure."3 It can occur whether or not the original author is cited. |
Summarizing, paraphrasing or using author's exact language without properly citing the source using footnotes, endnotes, or parenthetical notes |
Using original author's exact language without using quotation. May result from students' inexperience with the material, or citation process. |
2 Rebecca Moore Howard, “Plagiarism, Authorships, and the Academic Death Penalty,” College English 57 (Nov. 1995), 799.
3 Diana Hacker, The Bedford Handbook, (New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1998), 572.
"Types of Plagiarism | Shapiro Undergraduate Library | MLibrary." MLibrary Homepage | MLibrary. University of Michigan, 17 May 2011. Web. 21 Sept. 2011. <http://www.lib.umich.edu/shapiro-undergraduate-library/types-plagiarism>.
"Criticism asks what literature is, what it does, and what it is worth." -Encyclopedia Britannica
Literary criticism analyzes, interprets, and evaluates works of literature. Though you most often find criticism in the form of an essay, in-depth book reviews may also be considered criticism. Criticism may analyze an individual work of literature. It may also examine an author’s body of work.
Authors present us with work that can have multiple meanings, expecting us to consider thoughtfully - to interpret. Writers and critics build on each others' understanding of a work of literature in a kind of dialog. Good criticism can help us develop a better understanding of a work. In addition, it can help us develop a point of view about a work, whether or not we agree with the opinions of the critic.
When looking at criticism, check for:
Opinions supported by evidence, relating to:
When looking for criticism, AVOID:
Source and for more information: http://hhslibprojectpage.weebly.com/literary-criticism.html